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Template titel
template tekst – Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is a method where a focussed beam of electrons is scanned over the sample surface. The recorded signal is scanned onto a screen or into a digital image. A conventional SEM requires a high vacuum sample chamber, where the electron bundle interacts with the sample. Low Vacuum and environmental SEM instruments are available as well.
![Backscattered Electron SEM image of graphite in a fractured pencil, showing higher order alignment of graphene sheets. A tilted sputtercoating with platinum was applied to obtain a shadow contrast. 10 µm. Photo by Jaap Nijsse, Consistence Microstructure Research Laboratory.](https://consistence.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Backscattered-Electron-SEM-image-graphite-fractured-pencil-Consistence-768x576.jpg)
![Backscattered Electron SEM image of a multilayered foil, containing an Aluminium sheet. 100 µm. Photo by Jaap Nijsse, Consistence Microstructure Research Laboratory.](https://consistence.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Backscattered-Electron-SEM-image-multilayered-foil-Aluminium-Consistence-768x576.jpg)
![Backscattered Electron SEM image of the surface of a KCl crystal. 10 µm. Photo by Jaap Nijsse, Consistence Microstructure Research Laboratory.](https://consistence.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Backscattered-Electron-SEM-image-surface-KCl-crystal-Consistence-768x576.jpg)
![Cryo-SEM image of a commercial milk powder. Microstructure is of direct influence on powder properties. 100 µm. Photo by Jaap Nijsse, Consistence Microstructure Research Laboratory.](https://consistence.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Cryo-SEM-image-milk-powder-Consistence-768x576.jpg)
![Cryo-SEM image of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) dorsal leaf surface. 500 µm. Photo by Jaap Nijsse, Consistence Microstructure Research Laboratory.](https://consistence.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Cryo-SEM-image-stinging-nettle-Urtica-dioica-Consistence-768x576.jpg)
![Cryo-SEM image of stomata on dorsal leaf surface of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). 10 µm. Photo by Jaap Nijsse, Consistence Microstructure Research Laboratory.](https://consistence.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Cryo-SEM-image-stomata-dorsal-leaf-surface-stinging-nettle-Urtica-dioica-Consistence-768x576.jpg)
![Cryo-SEM image of wax crystals on a cabbage leaf (Brassica Oleracea). The typical composition and structure of this natural wax coating creates superhydrophobicity and a special white gloss effect on cabbage leafs. 5 µm. Photo by Jaap Nijsse, Consistence Microstructure Research Laboratory.](https://consistence.nl/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Cryo-SEM-image-wax-crystals-cabbage-leaf-Brassica-Oleracea-Consistence-768x576.jpg)
Extra titel
extra tekst Several types of electron sources have been developed to deliver optimal imaging results, either in costs or in image resolution. Different types of signals are generated by the electron bundle, of which the most used are mentioned here:
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